Ship Handling Simulation

2022-04-07T12:56:13Z

Merkelj:

[[de:Schiffsführungssimulation]]

The Hydraulic Engineering in Coastal Areas department of the BAW advises the WSD North and WSD Northwest among others in the context of fairway design with regard to adapting the shipping channels to large vessels (e.g. Lower and Outer Elbe river, Lower Weser river, Outer Weser river, also the approaches to Stralsund and the Peenestrom). Today the results of ship handling simulations are of considerable relevance to the decision-making processes involved in the definitive stipulation of fairway dimensions. Ship handling simulators are deemed to be valuable in rating fairways and are recommended for critical marginal conditions (e.g. minimizing fairway dimensions (see also PIANC WG II-20, 1992; PIANC WG II-30, 1997), although the limits for this kind of application are still uncertain. The BAW is consulted primarily by the WSV for professional advice when it comes to tender procedures for simulation assignments and for verifying the rating methods. Assessments of the ship handling simulation software currently devised for nautical issues led to the conclusion that the mathematical methods of the simulation systems (e.g. regarding the squat and bank effect) relevant to fairway rating do not satisfy the professional demands made by the WSV. Given the fast increase in the size of ships used for container shipping and the long planning phases necessary for measures to adapt the shipping channels, a professionally confirmed navigability analysis for future large container ships is necessary for example for the estuaries of the rivers Weser and Elbe and also for the Kiel Canal.

The urgency of the task becomes even clearer when attention focuses on the need to make commercial use of the waterway infrastructure in its present or future adapted form, so that there is a need for continuous on-going development of the modular simulation software, also in the form of development and implementation work.

In Germany, the use of ship handling simulators in the field of inland navigation began only in 2008. The BAW Karlsruhe procured its own simulator in 2009. Based on this commercial simulator which was developed for training the nautical staff of seagoing vessels the calculation kernel was expanded to include methods to calculate ship-induced waves and predict the movement of inland vessels in extremely shallow water while taking account of current fields. The characteristics of the stern and bow rudders were also adapted in order to meet the technological requirements of inland navigation vessels. Further developments such as an expansion of the collision model to simulate sliding wharves, squat and bank effect are being worked on.

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! style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | [[File:Methoden_Schiffsführungssimulation.jpg|thumb|450px|left]] || style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | [[File:Methoden_Schiffsfuehrungssimulation_Bild2a.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]
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''Graphic 1: Ship handling simulator at the BAW (right: Karlsruhe; left: Hamburg)''

Working on the basis of a commercial simulator intended for the training of nautical personnel on seagoing ships, the existing calculation kernel is being expanded with the addition of methods for calculating ship-induced waves and for predicting the movement of inland vessels in extremely shallow water while taking account of current fields. Following the development work, movement dynamic tests will be carried out in exposed sections where e.g. current fields with a transverse impact on the ship affect its movement, or where the section can only be used for manoeuvres.

Two different methods are planned for the tests. To make the simulation results as objective as possible, the simulation runs are normally steered in a control circle to make sure that the model ship follows a stipulated line. This warrants that the actions and capabilities of the "master" remain constant throughout all the tests and also ensures that the results of the individual simulation runs will all be comparable. The navigability of the particular area with regard to the defined line in itself and the number and strength of ship's manoeuvres that have to be carried out during the simulation run provide an indication as to how certainty and easiness apply to the navigability of the test section.

If psychological aspects affecting the master in his decisions play a role during the tests, it is possible for the ship to be steered through the test section by a master in the line of sight. To this end, the master is provided with a reconstructed bridge equipped with practically original controls of an inland vessel. Three monitors show the outside view. A wide range of different controls can be installed to make the simulator as flexible as possible in terms of ship type, drive type and ruder equipment. The instruments needed by the master are shown in generic form on monitors in the control panel.

* [[Quality Assurance for Ship Handling Simulation at the WSV]]
* [[Tidal Current Data for Ship Handling Simulation at the WSV]]
* [[Inland Waterway Ship Test Case]]
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[[Overview]]

Hydraulic Modelling

2022-04-07T10:59:17Z

Merkelj:

[[de:Wasserbauliches Versuchswesen]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_1.jpg|thumb|File 1: The physical model of the gravel bank "Jungferngrund" is utilised in the framework of the project "Abladeoptimierung Mittelrhein, AOMR" (Optimisation of load draughts on the Middle Rhine) and a scale of 1:60]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_2.jpg|thumb|File 2: Filling system of a lock with a scale factor of 1:25]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_3.jpg|thumb|File 3: Measuring boot in a scaled model]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_4.jpg|thumb|File 4: Studies on the passability of fishways]]

In the BAW, representational models are an important method for dealing with various different hydraulic issues relating to the federal waterways. For inland areas, the focus is on complex aspects of spatial current processes and the transport of solid particles, while the issues involved in coastal areas mainly refer to ship dynamic parameters in the context of the interaction between seagoing ships and tidal fairways with corresponding model analysis. Many of the data obtained in the laboratories are necessary for validation and on-going development of the numerical simulation models used in the BAW.

Hydraulic modelling uses system models for principle tests as well as models as detailed reconstruction of river sections or building structures. The BAW has several testing facilities with modern infrastructure. In Karlsruhe for example, a surface area of about 4,500 m² is taken up with modern, fully automatic measurement bridges equipped with extensive photographic measurement systems for widespread recording of changing model geometries and current parameters. Five channels with widths from 0.80 m and 5.00 m and lengths from 20 and 78 m are available for hydraulic and morphological project and research work. A flexible lock test stand on a scale of 1:25 with transparent, movable chamber walls can be adapted to differing chamber widths and filling and draining systems; it is equipped with comprehensive measuring instruments, including a ship force measurement system for measuring the longitudinal and transverse forces of a model ship at the bow and stern.

In Hamburg, the ship wave basin measuring 3,500 m² is used primarily to study the interaction of waterway and seagoing ship, for shallow water dynamic tests, as well as measuring the transverse forces and yaw torques. The studies are carried out with various ship models on a scale of 1:40 (the large dimensions of seagoing ships mean that this scale results in ship models measuring 5 to 10 m in length). The large peripheral channel measuring 200 m in length includes a test section 80 m long shaped as a straight rectangular channel to examine erosion and deposition of natural bed material under tidal current conditions with current velocities of up to 2 m/s.

Click here to see an overview of the available technical equipment:
https://www.baw.de/EN/die_baw/technische_ausstattung/technische_ausstattung.html

The commercially available measuring equipment and instrumentation systems used for hydraulic testing are supplemented with special devices and software solutions developed in the BAW. The laboratories are extensively automated and are efficient in operation.

Many of the hydraulic modelling methods used in the BAW are described in detail in the following bulletin.

* [[Ship-generated Loading]]
* [[Ship Dynamics]]

==Literature==

*''Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau 2007: Mitteilungen Nr. 90, Wasserbauliches Versuchswesen''

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back to [[Hydraulic Engineering Methods]]
----
[[Overview]]

Hydraulic Modelling

2022-04-07T10:58:08Z

Merkelj:

[[de:Wasserbauliches Versuchswesen]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_1.jpg|thumb|File 1: The physical model of the gravel bank "Jungferngrund" is utilised in the framework of the project "Abladeoptimierung Mittelrhein, AOMR" (Optimisation of load draughts on the Middle Rhine) and has a length scale factor of 1:60]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_2.jpg|thumb|File 2: Filling system of a lock with a scale factor of 1:25]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_3.jpg|thumb|File 3: Measuring boot in a scaled model]]
[[File: BAWiki_wasserbauliches_Versuchswesen_4.jpg|thumb|File 4: Studies on the passability of fishways]]

In the BAW, representational models are an important method for dealing with various different hydraulic issues relating to the federal waterways. For inland areas, the focus is on complex aspects of spatial current processes and the transport of solid particles, while the issues involved in coastal areas mainly refer to ship dynamic parameters in the context of the interaction between seagoing ships and tidal fairways with corresponding model analysis. Many of the data obtained in the laboratories are necessary for validation and on-going development of the numerical simulation models used in the BAW.

Hydraulic modelling uses system models for principle tests as well as models as detailed reconstruction of river sections or building structures. The BAW has several testing facilities with modern infrastructure. In Karlsruhe for example, a surface area of about 4,500 m² is taken up with modern, fully automatic measurement bridges equipped with extensive photographic measurement systems for widespread recording of changing model geometries and current parameters. Five channels with widths from 0.80 m and 5.00 m and lengths from 20 and 78 m are available for hydraulic and morphological project and research work. A flexible lock test stand on a scale of 1:25 with transparent, movable chamber walls can be adapted to differing chamber widths and filling and draining systems; it is equipped with comprehensive measuring instruments, including a ship force measurement system for measuring the longitudinal and transverse forces of a model ship at the bow and stern.

In Hamburg, the ship wave basin measuring 3,500 m² is used primarily to study the interaction of waterway and seagoing ship, for shallow water dynamic tests, as well as measuring the transverse forces and yaw torques. The studies are carried out with various ship models on a scale of 1:40 (the large dimensions of seagoing ships mean that this scale results in ship models measuring 5 to 10 m in length). The large peripheral channel measuring 200 m in length includes a test section 80 m long shaped as a straight rectangular channel to examine erosion and deposition of natural bed material under tidal current conditions with current velocities of up to 2 m/s.

Click here to see an overview of the available technical equipment:
https://www.baw.de/EN/die_baw/technische_ausstattung/technische_ausstattung.html

The commercially available measuring equipment and instrumentation systems used for hydraulic testing are supplemented with special devices and software solutions developed in the BAW. The laboratories are extensively automated and are efficient in operation.

Many of the hydraulic modelling methods used in the BAW are described in detail in the following bulletin.

* [[Ship-generated Loading]]
* [[Ship Dynamics]]

==Literature==

*''Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau 2007: Mitteilungen Nr. 90, Wasserbauliches Versuchswesen''

----
back to [[Hydraulic Engineering Methods]]
----
[[Overview]]

Hydraulic Modelling

2022-04-07T10:57:15Z

2022-04-07T10:40:13Z

Merkelj:

File:Methoden naturmessung 4.jpg

2022-04-07T10:40:00Z

Merkelj:

File:Methoden naturmessung 3.jpg

2022-04-07T10:39:41Z

Merkelj: